Occupation AtlasMiddle School Teachers, Except Special and Career/Technical Education

O*NET · 25-2022.00

Middle School Teachers, Except Special and Career/Technical Education

Teach one or more subjects to students at the middle, intermediate, or junior high school level.

Also called Algebra Teacher · American History Teacher · Art Educator · Art Instructor · Art Teacher · Band Director · Band Teacher · Bilingual Instructor
63 more

Bilingual Teacher · Classroom Teacher · Coach · Computer Teacher · Educator · ELA Teacher · ELA Teacher (English Language Arts Teacher) · English and Language Arts Teacher · English Teacher · ESL Instructor · ESL Instructor (English as a Second Language Instructor) · ESL Teacher · ESL Teacher (English as a Second Language Teacher) · FACS Teacher · FACS Teacher (Family and Consumer Sciences Teacher) · Gym Teacher · Gym Teacher (Gymnasium Teacher) · Health and PE Teacher · Health and PE Teacher (Health and Physical Education Teacher) · Health Teacher · History Teacher · Home Teacher · Humanities Teacher · Instrumental Music Teacher · Intermediate Teacher · Junior High School Teacher · LA Teacher · Language Arts Teacher (LA Teacher) · Language Instructor · Life Sciences Teacher · Math Teacher · Math Teacher (Mathematics Teacher) · Middle School ELA Teacher · Middle School ELA Teacher (Middle School English Language Arts Teacher) · Middle School English Teacher · Middle School History Teacher · Middle School LA Teacher · Middle School Language Arts Teacher (Middle School LA Teacher) · Middle School Math Teacher · Middle School Mathematics Teacher (Middle School Math Teacher) · Middle School PE Teacher · Middle School PE Teacher (Middle School Physical Education Teacher) · Middle School Science Teacher · Middle School Spanish Teacher · Middle School Teacher · Montessori Teacher · Music Educator · Music Teacher · Orchestra Teacher · PE Instructor · PE Instructor (Physical Education Instructor) · PE Teacher · PE Teacher (Physical Education Teacher) · Physical Fitness Teacher · Public School Teacher · Reading Teacher · Science Teacher · Social Studies Teacher · Spanish Teacher · Teacher · Visual Arts Teacher · Vocal Music Instructor · World History Teacher

Job Zone 4 — Considerable Preparation NeededHolland code SAC35 skills on file

Compare with another occupationCompare with Special Education Teachers, Secondary School

Job Zone

  1. 1
  2. 2
  3. 3
  4. 4
  5. 5

Zone 4: Considerable Preparation Needed

Considerable preparation. Usually a bachelor's degree plus several years of work-related experience, knowledge, or training.

Job Zone is O*NET's rating of how much education, experience and training an occupation typically needs — a property of the work, not of anyone doing it.

Occupational interest profile

SACSocial · Artistic · Conventional — the three strongest interests, in order

  • S Social7.00
  • A Artistic4.10
  • C Conventional3.56
  • I Investigative3.31
  • E Enterprising2.66
  • R Realistic2.59

RIASEC (Holland) interests on O*NET's 0–7 scale: what the work draws on, not what any individual prefers. Hover a row for what each dimension means.

Education and experience

The education level respondents say the job requires, and the most common answer for experience and training.

  • Less than a High School Diploma10%
  • Bachelor's Degree67%
  • Post-Baccalaureate Certificate21%
  • Master's Degree2%
Related work experience
Over 2 years, up to and including 4 years (22%)
On-site or in-plant training
None (43%)
On-the-job training
None or short demonstration (34%)

Typically associated skills

All 35 O*NET skills, most important first. Importance (1–5) says how much a skill matters here; level (0–7) says how much of it the work calls for, with O*NET's example of a nearby level. Neither is a proficiency rating of a person.

  • InstructingImportance 4.3Level 4.0Level 4 looks like: Instruct a coworker in how to operate a software program
  • Learning StrategiesbasicImportance 4.3Level 4.0Level 4 looks like: Identify an alternative approach to help trainees who are having difficulties
  • SpeakingbasicImportance 4.1Level 4.0Level 4 looks like: Interview applicants to obtain personal and work history
  • Active ListeningbasicImportance 4.0Level 3.9Level 4 looks like: Answer inquiries regarding credit references
  • Active LearningbasicImportance 3.9Level 4.0Level 4 looks like: Determine the impact of new menu changes on a restaurant's purchasing requirements
  • Reading ComprehensionbasicImportance 3.9Level 4.0Level 4 looks like: Understand an email from management describing new personnel policies
  • Social PerceptivenessImportance 3.9Level 4.0Level 4 looks like: Be aware of how a coworker's promotion will affect a work group
  • MonitoringbasicImportance 3.9Level 3.9Level 4 looks like: Monitor a meeting and revise the agenda to ensure important topics are discussed
  • WritingbasicImportance 3.9Level 3.9Level 4 looks like: Write an email to staff outlining new directives
  • Critical ThinkingbasicImportance 3.8Level 3.9Level 4 looks like: Evaluate customer complaints and determine appropriate responses
  • CoordinationImportance 3.8Level 3.8Level 4 looks like: Work with others to put a new roof on a house
  • Time ManagementImportance 3.8Level 3.8Level 4 looks like: Allocate the time of subordinates to projects for the coming week
Show the other 23

Tasks

33 core · 2 supplemental

What people in this occupation do, as O*NET records it, core tasks first by importance (1–5).

  1. Observe and evaluate students' performance, behavior, social development, and physical health.Importance 4.6
  2. Prepare materials and classrooms for class activities.Importance 4.6
  3. Instruct through lectures, discussions, and demonstrations in one or more subjects, such as English, mathematics, or social studies.Importance 4.5
  4. Prepare, administer, and grade tests and assignments to evaluate students' progress.Importance 4.4
  5. Establish and enforce rules for behavior and procedures for maintaining order among students.Importance 4.3
  6. Establish clear objectives for all lessons, units, and projects, and communicate these objectives to students.Importance 4.3
  7. Assign lessons and correct homework.Importance 4.2
  8. Adapt teaching methods and instructional materials to meet students' varying needs and interests.Importance 4.1
  9. Plan and conduct activities for a balanced program of instruction, demonstration, and work time that provides students with opportunities to observe, question, and investigate.Importance 4.1
  10. Maintain accurate, complete, and correct student records as required by laws, district policies, and administrative regulations.Importance 4.1
  11. Enforce all administration policies and rules governing students.Importance 4.1
  12. Confer with parents or guardians, other teachers, counselors, and administrators to resolve students' behavioral and academic problems.Importance 4.1
Show the other 23
  1. Assist students who need extra help, such as by tutoring and preparing and implementing remedial programs.Importance 4.1
  2. Prepare students for later grades by encouraging them to explore learning opportunities and to persevere with challenging tasks.Importance 4.0
  3. Use computers, audio-visual aids, and other equipment and materials to supplement presentations.Importance 4.0
  4. Collaborate with other teachers and administrators in the development, evaluation, and revision of middle school programs.Importance 3.9
  5. Guide and counsel students with adjustment or academic problems, or special academic interests.Importance 3.8
  6. Meet or correspond with parents or guardians to discuss children's progress and to determine priorities and resource needs.Importance 3.8
  7. Meet with other professionals to discuss individual students' needs and progress.Importance 3.7
  8. Instruct and monitor students in the use and care of equipment and materials to prevent injury and damage.Importance 3.7
  9. Prepare objectives and outlines for courses of study, following curriculum guidelines or requirements of states and schools.Importance 3.6
  10. Prepare for assigned classes and show written evidence of preparation upon request of immediate supervisors.Importance 3.6
  11. Prepare reports on students and activities as required by administration.Importance 3.6
  12. Attend staff meetings and serve on staff committees, as required.Importance 3.5
  13. Confer with other staff members to plan and schedule lessons promoting learning, following approved curricula.Importance 3.4
  14. Plan and supervise class projects, field trips, visits by guest speakers, or other experiential activities, and guide students in learning from such activities.Importance 3.4
  15. Attend professional meetings, educational conferences, and teacher training workshops to maintain and improve professional competence.Importance 3.3
  16. Perform administrative duties, such as school library assistance, hall and cafeteria monitoring, and bus loading and unloading.Importance 3.2
  17. Organize and label materials and display students' work.Importance 3.2
  18. Organize and supervise games and other recreational activities to promote physical, mental, and social development.Importance 3.2
  19. Select, store, order, issue, and inventory classroom equipment, materials, and supplies.Importance 3.2
  20. Coordinate and supervise extracurricular activities, such as clubs, student organizations, and academic contests.Importance 3.2
  21. Administer standardized ability and achievement tests, and interpret results to determine student strengths and needs.Importance 3.1
  22. Provide students with disabilities with assistive devices, supportive technology, and assistance accessing facilities, such as restrooms.Importance 3.9
  23. Supervise, evaluate, and plan assignments for teacher assistants and volunteers.Importance 3.1

Knowledge

Bodies of knowledge the work draws on.

  • Education and TrainingImportance 4.5Level 5.3Level 4 looks like: Lead a quality improvement seminar
  • English LanguageImportance 4.3Level 5.2Level 4 looks like: Edit an article for a news website
  • Philosophy and TheologyImportance 3.8Level 4.7Level 4 looks like: Understand another culture's religious practices
  • MathematicsImportance 3.7Level 4.2Level 4 looks like: Analyze data to determine areas with the highest sales
  • PsychologyImportance 3.3Level 3.5Level 4 looks like: Understand the impact of alcohol on human responses
  • Computers and ElectronicsImportance 3.2Level 4.0Level 4 looks like: Use a computer to format a document
  • History and ArcheologyImportance 3.2Level 3.8Level 4 looks like: Teach local history to school children
  • Public Safety and SecurityImportance 3.2Level 3.0Level 4 looks like: Inspect a building site for safety violations
Show all 33
  • Customer and Personal ServiceImportance 3.1Level 4.0Level 4 looks like: Be responsible for 10 children at daycare
  • Sociology and AnthropologyImportance 3.1Level 3.6Level 4 looks like: Write an article about cultural differences
  • AdministrativeImportance 3.0Level 3.5Level 4 looks like: Type 30 words per minute
  • GeographyImportance 3.0Level 4.4Level 4 looks like: Find a specific country on a world map
  • Communications and MediaImportance 2.9Level 3.4Level 4 looks like: Host a music radio show
  • Law and GovernmentImportance 2.6Level 2.3Level 1 looks like: Describe the length of a U.S. presidential term
  • Administration and ManagementImportance 2.5Level 2.4Level 1 looks like: Approve a reimbursement request
  • Therapy and CounselingImportance 2.5Level 2.5Level 1 looks like: Put ice on a sprained ankle
  • Fine ArtsImportance 2.3Level 2.0Level 1 looks like: Attend a popular music concert
  • BiologyImportance 2.2Level 1.8Level 1 looks like: Feed domestic animals
  • Personnel and Human ResourcesImportance 2.2Level 1.9Level 1 looks like: Fill out a medical claim form
  • PhysicsImportance 2.0Level 1.6Level 1 looks like: Use a crowbar to pry open a box
  • ChemistryImportance 1.9Level 1.5Level 1 looks like: Use a common household bug spray
  • Engineering and TechnologyImportance 1.8Level 1.2Level 1 looks like: Install a door lock
  • Medicine and DentistryImportance 1.8Level 1.4Level 1 looks like: Use a band-aid
  • TelecommunicationsImportance 1.8Level 1.2Level 1 looks like: Send an email
  • Sales and MarketingImportance 1.7Level 1.2Level 1 looks like: Sell cakes at a bake sale
  • DesignImportance 1.6Level 1.0Level 1 looks like: Draw a straight line 4 3/16 inches long
  • Food ProductionImportance 1.5Level 0.8Level 1 looks like: Grow herbs in the kitchen
  • TransportationImportance 1.5Level 0.8Level 1 looks like: Ride a train to work
  • Economics and AccountingImportance 1.4Level 0.8Level 1 looks like: Answer billing questions from credit card customers
  • Foreign LanguageImportance 1.4Level 0.6Level 1 looks like: Say "please" and "thank you" in a foreign language
  • MechanicalImportance 1.3Level 0.6Level 1 looks like: Replace the filters in a furnace
  • Production and ProcessingImportance 1.3Level —
  • Building and ConstructionImportance 1.1Level —

Abilities

Enduring capacities the work calls for.

  • Oral ExpressionImportance 4.3Level 4.5Level 4 looks like: Give instructions to a lost motorist
  • Information OrderingImportance 3.9Level 3.8Level 2 looks like: Follow the correct steps to make change
  • Oral ComprehensionImportance 3.9Level 4.0Level 4 looks like: Understand a coach's oral instructions for a sport
  • Problem SensitivityImportance 3.9Level 3.8Level 4 looks like: Notice from a subtle difference in a client's mood that something is bothering them
  • Speech ClarityImportance 3.9Level 4.1Level 4 looks like: Make stadium-wide announcements during a sporting event
  • Written ComprehensionImportance 3.9Level 4.0Level 4 looks like: Understand an apartment lease
  • Written ExpressionImportance 3.9Level 4.0Level 4 looks like: Write a job recommendation for a subordinate
  • Deductive ReasoningImportance 3.8Level 3.8
Show all 52
  • Near VisionImportance 3.8Level 3.4Level 2 looks like: Read indicators on the dashboard of a car
  • Speech RecognitionImportance 3.8Level 3.3Level 4 looks like: Identify a former customer's voice over the phone
  • Fluency of IdeasImportance 3.4Level 3.3Level 4 looks like: Think of as many ideas as possible for the name of a new company
  • Inductive ReasoningImportance 3.3Level 3.6Level 4 looks like: Determine the prime suspect based on crime scene evidence
  • OriginalityImportance 3.1Level 3.3Level 4 looks like: Redesign job tasks to be interesting for employees
  • Flexibility of ClosureImportance 3.0Level 3.0Level 2 looks like: Detect that your phone is ringing while at a concert
  • MemorizationImportance 3.0Level 2.9
  • Selective AttentionImportance 3.0Level 3.0Level 2 looks like: Answer a business call with coworkers talking nearby
  • Category FlexibilityImportance 2.9Level 3.0Level 3 looks like: Classify flowers according to size, color, and smell
  • Far VisionImportance 2.9Level 3.0Level 2 looks like: Read a roadside billboard
  • Mathematical ReasoningImportance 2.9Level 3.0Level 4 looks like: Decide how to calculate profits to determine the amounts of yearly bonuses
  • Number FacilityImportance 2.9Level 3.0Level 3 looks like: Calculate a discounted price
  • Perceptual SpeedImportance 2.8Level 2.8Level 2 looks like: Sort mail according to ZIP codes with no time pressure
  • Time SharingImportance 2.8Level 2.8Level 3 looks like: Watch street signs while driving at 30 miles an hour
  • Speed of ClosureImportance 2.6Level 2.9Level 3 looks like: Recognize a song after hearing only the first few notes
  • VisualizationImportance 2.5Level 2.6Level 2 looks like: Imagine how to place paper in a printer so that the letterhead comes out on top
  • Auditory AttentionImportance 2.1Level 2.1Level 2 looks like: Listen to a lecture while people nearby are talking
  • Visual Color DiscriminationImportance 2.1Level 2.0Level 1 looks like: Separate laundry into colors and whites
  • Hearing SensitivityImportance 2.0Level 2.0Level 2 looks like: Notice a doorbell ringing
  • Trunk StrengthImportance 2.0Level 2.0Level 2 looks like: Sit up in an office chair
  • Finger DexterityImportance 1.9Level 1.5Level 2 looks like: Put coins in a parking meter
  • Depth PerceptionImportance 1.6Level 0.8
  • Arm-Hand SteadinessImportance 1.4Level 0.5
  • Control PrecisionImportance 1.4Level 0.5
  • StaminaImportance 1.4Level 0.4Level 1 looks like: Walk 1/4 mile
  • Gross Body CoordinationImportance 1.3Level —
  • Gross Body EquilibriumImportance 1.3Level —
  • Manual DexterityImportance 1.3Level —
  • Wrist-Finger SpeedImportance 1.3Level —
  • Sound LocalizationImportance 1.1Level —
  • Dynamic FlexibilityImportance 1.0Level —
  • Dynamic StrengthImportance 1.0Level —
  • Explosive StrengthImportance 1.0Level —
  • Extent FlexibilityImportance 1.0Level —
  • Glare SensitivityImportance 1.0Level —
  • Multilimb CoordinationImportance 1.0Level —
  • Night VisionImportance 1.0Level —
  • Peripheral VisionImportance 1.0Level —
  • Rate ControlImportance 1.0Level —
  • Reaction TimeImportance 1.0Level —
  • Response OrientationImportance 1.0Level —
  • Spatial OrientationImportance 1.0Level —
  • Speed of Limb MovementImportance 1.0Level —
  • Static StrengthImportance 1.0Level —

Work activities

Kinds of activity the work is made of.

  • Training and Teaching OthersImportance 4.6Level 5.1Level 4 looks like: Teach a social sciences course to high school students
  • Establishing and Maintaining Interpersonal RelationshipsImportance 4.5Level 5.5Level 4 looks like: Maintain good working relationships with almost all coworkers and clients
  • Coaching and Developing OthersImportance 4.4Level 5.2Level 4 looks like: Provide on-the-job training for administrative workers
  • Developing Objectives and StrategiesImportance 4.4Level 4.3Level 4 looks like: Develop the plan to complete the merger of two organizations over a 3-year period
  • Thinking CreativelyImportance 4.4Level 5.5Level 4 looks like: Adapt popular music for a high school marching band
  • Assisting and Caring for OthersImportance 4.3Level 4.5Level 4 looks like: Help a medical patient find in-home assistance or healthcare
  • Coordinating the Work and Activities of OthersImportance 4.3Level 4.6Level 4 looks like: Organize the cleanup crew after a major sporting event
  • Making Decisions and Solving ProblemsImportance 4.3Level 5.2Level 4 looks like: Select the location for a major retail store
Show all 41
  • Organizing, Planning, and Prioritizing WorkImportance 4.3Level 5.5Level 4 looks like: Plan and adjust a personal to-do list according to changing demands
  • Getting InformationImportance 4.2Level 4.2Level 4 looks like: Review a budget
  • Interpreting the Meaning of Information for OthersImportance 4.2Level 4.4Level 4 looks like: Interpret how foreign tax laws apply to U.S. exports
  • Communicating with Supervisors, Peers, or SubordinatesImportance 4.1Level 4.8Level 4 looks like: Report the results of a sales meeting to a supervisor
  • Documenting/Recording InformationImportance 4.1Level 4.5Level 4 looks like: Document the results of a crime scene investigation
  • Identifying Objects, Actions, and EventsImportance 4.0Level 4.6Level 4 looks like: Judge the suitability of food products for an event
  • Judging the Qualities of Objects, Services, or PeopleImportance 4.0Level 4.5Level 4 looks like: Determine the value of property lost in a fire
  • Resolving Conflicts and Negotiating with OthersImportance 4.0Level 4.8Level 4 looks like: Get two subordinates to agree about vacation schedules
  • Updating and Using Relevant KnowledgeImportance 4.0Level 4.9Level 4 looks like: Keep current on changes in maintenance procedures for repairing sports cars
  • Working with ComputersImportance 3.9Level 3.1Level 4 looks like: Write software for keeping track of parts in inventory
  • Analyzing Data or InformationImportance 3.8Level 4.5Level 4 looks like: Determine the interest cost to finance a new building
  • Developing and Building TeamsImportance 3.8Level 3.6Level 4 looks like: Lead an assembly team in an automobile plant
  • Evaluating Information to Determine Compliance with StandardsImportance 3.8Level 4.0Level 4 looks like: Evaluate a complicated insurance claim for compliance with policy terms
  • Monitoring Processes, Materials, or SurroundingsImportance 3.8Level 4.5Level 4 looks like: Test electrical circuits
  • Scheduling Work and ActivitiesImportance 3.8Level 4.3Level 4 looks like: Prepare the work schedule for salesclerks in a large retail store
  • Guiding, Directing, and Motivating SubordinatesImportance 3.6Level 4.2Level 4 looks like: Manage a small team of employees in a dynamic workplace
  • Processing InformationImportance 3.6Level 4.1Level 4 looks like: Calculate the adjustments for insurance claims
  • Communicating with People Outside the OrganizationImportance 3.4Level 3.9Level 4 looks like: Present information to potential clients about available services
  • Providing Consultation and Advice to OthersImportance 3.3Level 3.7Level 4 looks like: Recommend a new software package to increase operational efficiency
  • Performing Administrative ActivitiesImportance 3.2Level 3.3Level 4 looks like: Complete tax forms for a small business
  • Performing for or Working Directly with the PublicImportance 3.1Level 3.7Level 4 looks like: Sell shoes in a crowded shoe store
  • Estimating the Quantifiable Characteristics of Products, Events, or InformationImportance 2.6Level 2.4Level 1 looks like: Estimate the size of household furniture to be shipped
  • Performing General Physical ActivitiesImportance 2.4Level 2.5Level 1 looks like: Walk between workstations in a small office
  • Selling or Influencing OthersImportance 2.3Level 2.2Level 1 looks like: Convince a coworker to assist with an assignment
  • Inspecting Equipment, Structures, or MaterialsImportance 2.2Level 2.4Level 1 looks like: Check that doors to building are locked
  • Handling and Moving ObjectsImportance 2.1Level 2.6
  • Monitoring and Controlling ResourcesImportance 2.0Level 1.8Level 1 looks like: Work as a server responsible for keeping track of utensils
  • Controlling Machines and ProcessesImportance 1.9Level 1.6Level 1 looks like: Operate a cash register
  • Drafting, Laying Out, and Specifying Technical Devices, Parts, and EquipmentImportance 1.6Level 0.9Level 1 looks like: Specify the lighting for a work area
  • Repairing and Maintaining Electronic EquipmentImportance 1.6Level 0.9Level 1 looks like: Use display settings to adjust a television picture
  • Staffing Organizational UnitsImportance 1.5Level 0.7Level 1 looks like: Work in a position that has minimal staffing requirements
  • Repairing and Maintaining Mechanical EquipmentImportance 1.4Level 0.7Level 1 looks like: Make simple, external adjustments to a door hinge with ordinary hand tools
  • Operating Vehicles, Mechanized Devices, or EquipmentImportance 1.3Level 0.6Level 1 looks like: Drive a car

Work context

The conditions most characteristic of the work, on O*NET's 1–5 context scale.

  • E-Mail4.9
  • Contact With Others4.8
  • Face-to-Face Discussions with Individuals and Within Teams4.8
  • Determine Tasks, Priorities and Goals4.6
  • Work With or Contribute to a Work Group or Team4.6
  • Indoors, Environmentally Controlled4.5
  • Freedom to Make Decisions4.4
  • Physical Proximity4.3
  • Frequency of Decision Making4.2
  • Public Speaking4.1

Technology

35 tools

Software used in this work. In demand: among the tools job postings for this occupation name most. Hot: often named in job postings across the economy.

Hot (10)

  • Apple macOS
  • Facebook
  • Google Docs
  • Microsoft Excel
  • Microsoft Office software
  • Microsoft Outlook
  • Microsoft PowerPoint
  • Microsoft SharePoint
  • Microsoft Word
  • Zoom
Other tools (25)
  • Apple Final Cut Pro
  • Appletree
  • Blackboard software
  • Children's educational software
  • ClassTag
  • Common Curriculum
  • Desmos
  • Edmodo
  • Email software
  • Flipgrid
  • Google Classroom
  • Google Drive
  • Google Meet
  • JamBoard
  • Kahoot!
  • Moodle
  • Nearpod
  • Padlet
  • Pear Deck
  • Schoology
  • Screencastify
  • Seesaw
  • Tadpoles
  • Video editing software
  • Web browser software

Related occupations

O*NET's own list of the occupations most related to this one, closest first.

ESCO equivalents

From the official ESCO–O*NET crosswalk, strongest match first. A broader occupation takes in this one; a narrower one is a part of it.

Closest occupations

Compare any occupation →

Other O*NET occupations whose importance ratings on the 35 skills both rate are nearest to this one's, with the biggest differences named. A plain rule, not a hidden score.

Use this in your own job architecture

BlissPoint Organization Viewer can link a role directly to this occupation and suggest these skills as that role's starting requirements.

Try it free →

This page includes information from the O*NET 31.0 Database by the U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration (USDOL/ETA), used under the CC BY 4.0 license; O*NET® is a trademark of USDOL/ETA. ESCO occupations and skills are from the European Commission's ESCO classification, and the occupation crosswalk is the official ESCO–O*NET mapping by the ESCO Secretariat with USDOL/ETA. This service uses the ESCO classification of the European Commission. BlissPoint Analytics has modified all or some of this information: skill, task and descriptor ratings are rounded to one decimal, and ESCO occupations show Job Zone and interests copied from a crosswalked O*NET occupation. USDOL/ETA has not approved, endorsed, or tested these modifications.